plastic Optionen
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While most plastics are produced from petrochemicals, bioplastics are made substantially from renewable plant materials like cellulose and starch.[24] Due both to the finite limits of fossil fuel reserves and to rising levels of greenhouse gases caused primarily by the burning of those fuels, the development of bioplastics is a growing field.
Companies that produce finished goods are known as converters (sometimes processors). The vast majority of plastics produced worldwide are thermosoftening and must be heated until molten in order to Beryllium molded. Various sorts of extrusion equipment exist which can then form the plastic into almost any shape.
Self-healing plastic – Substances that can repair themselvesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Plastics engineering – Engineering field studying polymer materialsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
The plastic industry includes the global production, compounding, conversion and sale of plastic products. Although the Middle East and Russia produce most of the required petrochemical raw materials, the production of plastic is concentrated rein the global East and West. The plastic industry comprises a huge number of companies and can Beryllium divided into several sectors:
The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century has caused widespread environmental problems,[3] due to their slow decomposition Tarif in natural ecosystems. Most plastic produced has not been reused, or is incapable of reuse, either being captured rein landfills or persisting rein the environment as plastic pollution and microplastics.
However they are tonlos routinely found in some plastic packaging including food packaging. The use of website the additive bisphenol A (BPA) hinein plastic baby bottles is banned rein many parts of the world, but is not restricted hinein some low-income countries.[2]
Additives are chemicals blended into plastics to change their performance or appearance, making it possible to alter the properties of plastics to better suit their intended applications.[31][32] Additives are therefore one of the reasons why plastic is used so widely.
High-performance plastics are usually expensive, with their use limited to specialized applications which make use of their superior properties.
Most plastics contain organic polymers.[10] The vast majority of these polymers are formed from chains of carbon atoms, with or without the attachment of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms. These chains comprise many repeating units formed from monomers. Each polymer chain consists of several thousand repeating units. The backbone is the part of the chain that is on the main path, linking together a large number of repeat units.
A communication campaign infographic showing that there will be more plastic hinein the oceans than fish by 2050
Some companies produce biodegradable additives to enhance biodegradation. Although starch powder can be added as a filler to allow some plastics to degrade more easily, such treatment does not lead to complete breakdown. Some researchers have genetically engineered bacteria to synthesize completely biodegradable plastics, such as polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB); however, these were still relatively costly as of 2021.[23]
Plastic compounding scheme for a thermosoftening material Plastic is not sold as a pure unadulterated substance, but is instead mixed with various chemicals and other materials, which are collectively known as additives. These are added during the compounding stage and include substances such as stabilizers, plasticizers and dyes, which are intended to improve the lifespan, workability or appearance of the final Element.
Hazardous molds have been found aboard space stations that degrade rubber into a digestible form.[97]
Polycarbonate + acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (Parallaxensekunde + ABS): a blend of Parallaktische sekunde and ABS that creates a stronger plastic used hinein car interior and exterior parts, and hinein mobile phone bodies